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ENEXA

Funded project (October 2022 - September 2025)

Efficient Explainable Learning on Knowledge Graphs

About the project

Efficient Explainable Learning on Knowledge Graphs (ENEXA) is a European project developing human-centered explainable machine learning approaches for real world knowledge graphs.

Human-centred, transparent and explainable AIs are key to achieving a human-centred and ethical development of digital and industrial solutions. ENEXA builds upon novel and promising results in knowledge representation and machine learning to develop scalable, transparent, and explainable hybrid machine learning algorithms that combine symbolic and sub-symbolic learning. The project focuses on knowledge graphs with rich semantics as knowledge representation mechanism because of their increasing popularity across domains and industries in Europe.

Some explainable and transparent machine learning approaches for knowledge graphs are known to already provide guarantees with respect to their completeness and correctness. However, they are still impossible or impractical to deploy on real-world data due to the scale, incompleteness and inconsistency of knowledge graphs in the wild.

ENEXA devises new machine learning approaches that maintain formal guarantees pertaining to completeness and correctness while exploiting different representations (formal logics, embeddings and tensors) of knowledge graphs in a concurrent fashion. With our new methods, we plan to achieve significant advances in the scalability of machine learning, especially on knowledge graphs. A key innovation of ENEXA lies in its approach to explainability. Here, we focus on devising human-centred explainability techniques based on the concept of co-construction, where human and machine enter a conversation to co-construct human-understandable explanations. The resulting approach is deployed in three sectors of European significance, i.e., business services, geospatial intelligence and brand marketing.

Funding program
https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/

Publications

Facets in Argumentation: A Formal Approach to Argument Significance

By Johannes Klaus Fichte, Nicolas Fröhlich, Markus Hecher, Victor Lagerkvist, Yasir Mahmood, Arne Meier, Jonathan Persson

The 34th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2025, 2025, #inproceedings

Dung's Argumentation Framework: Unveiling the Expressive Power with Inconsistent Databases

By Yasir Mahmood, Markus Hecher, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

AAAI-25, Sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, February 25 - March 4, 2025, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2025, #inproceedings

ANTS: Abstractive Entity Summarization in Knowledge Graphs

By Asep Fajar Firmansyah, Hamada M. Zahera, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif, Diego and Moussallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Semantic Web – 22nd International Conference, ESWC 2025, Portoroz, Slovenia, June 1-5, 2025, Proceedings, 2025, #inproceedings

Ontolearn---A Framework for Large-scale OWL Class Expression Learning in Python

By Caglar Demir, Alkid Baci, N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Leonie Nora Sieger, Stefan Heindorf, Simon Bin, Lukas Blübaum, Alexander Bigerl, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Journal of Machine Learning Research, JMLR, 2025, #article

GLIDE: Knowledge Graph Linking using Distance-Aware Embeddings

By Alexander Becker, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif

The Semantic Web -- ISWC 2025, 2025, #inproceedings

ESLM: Improving Entity Summarization by Leveraging Language Models

By Asep Fajar Firmansyah, Diego Mousallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

The Semantic Web, 2024, #inproceedings

ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling

By N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-24, 2024, #inproceedings

AutoCL: AutoML for Concept Learning

By Jiayi Li, Sheetal Satheesh, Stefan Heindorf, Diego Moussallem, René Speck, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Explainable Artificial Intelligence, 2024, #inproceedings

IndEL: Indonesian Entity Linking Benchmark Dataset for General and Specific Domains

By Ria Hari Gusmita, Muhammad Faruq, Diego Mousallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

NLDB, 2024, #inproceedings

Evaluating Negation with Multi-way Joins Accelerates Class Expression Learning

By Nikolaos Karalis, Alexander Bigerl, Caglar Demir, Liss Heidrich, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Research Track - European Conference, ECML PKDD 2024, Vilnius, Lithuania, September 9-13, 2024, Proceedings, Part VI, 2024, #inproceedings

Rejection in Abstract Argumentation: Harder Than Acceptance?

By Johannes Klaus Fichte, Markus Hecher, Yasir Mahmood, Arne Meier

ECAI 2024 - 27th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 19-24 October 2024, Santiago de Compostela, Spain - Including 13th Conference on Prestigious Applications of Intelligent Systems (PAIS 2024), 2024, #inproceedings

Efficient Evaluation of Conjunctive Regular Path Queries Using Multi-way Joins

By Nikolaos Karalis, Alexander Bigerl, Liss Heidrich, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

ESWC, 2024, #inproceedings

Error Analysis of Multilingual Language Models in Machine Translation: A Case Study of English-Amharic Translation

By Hizkiel Mitiku Alemayehu, Hamada M. Zahera, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2024, #inproceedings

Quantitative Claim-Centric Reasoning in Logic-Based Argumentation

By Markus Hecher, Yasir Mahmood, Arne Meier, Johannes Schmidt

Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-24, 2024, #inproceedings

Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs

By Caglar Demir, N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Arnab Sharma, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

ECAI Workshops, 2024, #inproceedings

Enhancing Relation Extraction Through Augmented Data: Large Language Models Unleashed

By Manzoor Ali, Muhammad Sohail Nisar, Muhammad Saleem, Diego Moussallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

NLDB24, 2024, #inproceedings

Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings

By N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Caglar Demir, Hamada M. Zahera, Adrian Wilke, Stefan Heindorf, Jiayi Li, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024, 2024, #inproceedings

Parameterized complexity of weighted team definability

By Juha Kontinen, Yasir Mahmood, Arne Meier, Heribert Vollmer

Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 2024, #article

Enhancing Answers Verbalization using Large Language Models

By Daniel Vollmers, Parth Sharma, Hamada M. Zahera, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

SEMANTiCS2024, 2024, #inproceedings

BLINK: Blank Node Matching Using Embeddings

By Alexander Becker, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

The Semantic Web -- ISWC 2024, 2024, #inproceedings

UniQ-Gen: Unified Query Generation across Multiple Knowledge Graphs

By Daniel Vollmers, Nikit Srivastava, Hamada M. Zahera, Diego Moussallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

EKAW 2024, 2024, #inproceedings

Generating SPARQL from Natural Language Using Chain-of-Thoughts Prompting

By Hamada M. Zahera, Manzoor Ali, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif, Diego Moussallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Knowledge Graphs in the Age of Language Models and Neuro-Symbolic AI - Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Semantic Systems (SEMANTiCS), 17-19 September 2024, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2024, #inproceedings

Computing Repairs Under Functional and Inclusion Dependencies via Argumentation

By Yasir Mahmood, Jonni Virtema, Timon Barlag, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems - 13th International Symposium, FoIKS 2024, Sheffield, UK, Proceedings, 2024, #inproceedings

PCFWebUI: Data-driven WebUI for holistic decarbonization based on PCF-Tracking

By Ajay Kumar, Marius Naumann, Kevin Henne, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif

Joint Proceedings of Posters, Demos, Workshops, and Tutorials of the 20th International Conference on Semantic Systems co-located with 20th International Conference on Semantic Systems (SEMANTiCS 2024), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 17-19, 2024, 2024, #inproceedings

Efficient Updates for Worst-Case Optimal Join Triple Stores

By Alexander Bigerl, Liss Heidrich, Nikolaos Karalis, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

The Semantic Web -- ISWC 2024, 2024, #inproceedings

Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract)

By N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa di Pontignano, Siena, Italy, 2023, #inproceedings

Parameterized Complexity of Propositional Inclusion and Independence Logic

By Yasir Mahmood, Jonni Virtema

29th International Workshop on Logic, Language, Information, and Computation, WoLLIC 2023 Proceedings, 2023, #inproceedings

Logics with probabilistic team semantics and the Boolean negation

By Miika Hannula, Minna Hirvonen, Juha Kontinen, Yasir Mahmood, Arne Meier, Jonni Virtema

18th European Conference on Logics in Artificial Intelligence (JELIA 2023), Proceedings, 2023, #inproceedings

Learning Permutation-Invariant Embeddings for Description Logic Concepts

By Caglar Demir, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis XXI: 21st International Symposium on Intelligent Data Analysis, IDA 2023, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, April 12--14, 2023, Proceedings, 2023, #inproceedings

Neuro-Symbolic Class Expression Learning

By Caglar Demir, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

The 32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2023, 2023, #inproceedings

Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D)

By N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 2023, #inproceedings

TEMPORALFC: A Temporal Fact Checking approach over Knowledge Graphs

By Umair Qudus, Michael Röder, Sabrina Kirrane, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

The Semantic Web -- ISWC 2023, 2023, #inproceedings

Neural Class Expression Synthesis

By N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

The Semantic Web - 20th International Conference, ESWC 2023, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, May 28 - June 1, 2023, Proceedings, 2023, #inproceedings

Explainable Integration of Knowledge Graphs using Large Language Models

By Abdullah Fathi Ahmed, Asep Fajar Firmansyah, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif, Diego Mousallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Proceedings of 28th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, NLDB, 2023, #inproceedings

Quantitative Reasoning and Structural Complexity for Claim-Centric Argumentation

By Johannes Klaus Fichte, Markus Hecher, Yasir Mahmood, Arne Meier

The 32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2023, 2023, #inproceedings

Native Execution of GraphQL Queries over RDF Graphs Using Multi-way Joins

By Nikolaos Karalis, Alexander Bigerl, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

SEMANTiCS, 2023, #inproceedings

Clifford Embeddings – A Generalized Approach for Embedding in Normed Algebras

By Caglar Demir, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, ECML PKDD 2023, 2023, #inproceedings

Facets in Argumentation: A Formal Approach to Argument Significance

By Johannes Klaus Fichte, Nicolas Fröhlich, Markus Hecher, Victor Lagerkvist, Yasir Mahmood, Arne Meier, Jonathan Persson

The 34th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2025, 2025, #inproceedings

Dung's Argumentation Framework: Unveiling the Expressive Power with Inconsistent Databases

By Yasir Mahmood, Markus Hecher, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

AAAI-25, Sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, February 25 - March 4, 2025, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2025, #inproceedings

ANTS: Abstractive Entity Summarization in Knowledge Graphs

By Asep Fajar Firmansyah, Hamada M. Zahera, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif, Diego and Moussallem, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Semantic Web – 22nd International Conference, ESWC 2025, Portoroz, Slovenia, June 1-5, 2025, Proceedings, 2025, #inproceedings

Ontolearn---A Framework for Large-scale OWL Class Expression Learning in Python

By Caglar Demir, Alkid Baci, N'Dah Jean Kouagou, Leonie Nora Sieger, Stefan Heindorf, Simon Bin, Lukas Blübaum, Alexander Bigerl, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Journal of Machine Learning Research, JMLR, 2025, #article

GLIDE: Knowledge Graph Linking using Distance-Aware Embeddings

By Alexander Becker, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif

The Semantic Web -- ISWC 2025, 2025, #inproceedings